Forty questions worth 0.5 points each.
Eight one-sentence definitions for 0.5 points each.
Sixteen reverse definitions for 0.5 points each.
49. ____________ Dark-staining component of the nucleus, responsible for synthesis of ribosomal RNA and the assembly of the ribosome.
50. ____________ molecular species (either neutral or charged) containing an unpaired electron; generally these are highly reactive.
51. ____________ a condition in which fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs, resulting in inadequate inflation; can be brought on by prolonged exposure to asbestos and certain other environmental chemicals.
52. __________ Accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, particularly
cholesterol, beneath the inner linings of
arteries.
53. ___________ Localized swelling caused by accumulation of tissue fluid.
54. ____________ The end of a muscle that is attached to the stationary bone.
55. ____________ Segment of the outer layer of the eye that is composed of transparent collagen fibers.
56. ____________ The visual pigment in photoreceptors; it is composed of a protein called opsin and a small , light-absorbing molecule called retinal.
57. ____________ A mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenal gland; its primary target is the kidney, where it promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium.
58. ____________ The lining of the uterus, which becomes thickened and vascular during the uterine cycle.
59. ____________ The ability of one tissue to influence the development of another tissue.
60. ____________ A small accessory ring of DNA outside the chromosome of a bacterial cell.
61. ____________ An environmental agent that can contribute to the development of cancer.
62. ____________ The remains or evidence of an organism that lived long ago.
63. ____________ The practice of planting only one type of crop over vast acreage.
64. ____________ The transformation of marginal lands to desert conditions
because of overgrazing and overfarming.
Ten fill-in-the-blanks for 0.5 points each. Make sure you fill in all the blanks on each question.
65. The ___________ circuit circulates blood to the body tissue, whereas the __________ circuit circulates blood to the lungs.
66. The thymus serves as the maturation site for _________________, which are involved in cell-mediated immunity.
67. Syphilis, gonorrhea, pulmonary pneumonia, and strep infections are
caused by ___________,
whereas AIDS, influenza, polio, and genital herpes are caused by ___________.
68. Chemoreceptors in carotid bodies respond to level of ________ ions and to the concentration of _____ and oxygen in the blood.
69. If the composition of ____________ were like that of the glomerular filtrate, death would result from starvation. dehydration, and low blood pressure.
70. Dietary intake of calcium and __________ can help prevent osteoporosis.
71. Creatine phosphate is an energy-storage compound found in muscle.
It can transfer a phosphate group to ______, forming ____, which can then be used in muscle contraction.
72. _________ is white neural tissue; thus the "white matter" in the spinal cord consists of ____________ axons of interneurons.
73. Herpes simplex virus type 1 generally causes ________________, whereas HSV type 2 causes _____________, which is more severe.
74. Each chromosome is composed of two identical parts called ______________
,
which are held together in a region called the _____________ .
Five diagrams for one point each.
75. Is this an oligosaccharide, an oligonucleotide, or an oligopeptide? How many monomers are there in it? Note that hydrogens attached to carbons have been omitted.
76. Aspartame (Nutrasweet) is a popular artificial sweetener. Chemically
it is aspartylphenylalanyl methyl ester, i.e. a methyl ester of the dipeptide
Asp-Phe. Its chemical formula can be written H3N+-CH-(CH2COO-)-CO-NH-CH-(CH2-C6H5)-COOCH3. Why is the ingestion of diet soda dangerous to
people with phenylketonuria?
77. In this diagram, name the tissues (1) through (5).
78. In this drawing are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Label each column of functions with the name of the division associated with those functions.
79. In the figure below, label the four DNA bases whose labels have been blotted out. Which base-pairs involve three hydrogen bonds? Which base-pairs involve only two hydrogen bonds?
Five short-answer questions for one point each.
80. A mammal is discovered in an obscure region of Australia. Scientists
examining the primary spermatocytes from this mammal find 34 autosomes in
them. What is the haploid number for this animal?
81. What is the reason one is told to be a nose-breather rather than
a mouth-breather?
82. How many tripeptides can be formed from the twenty naturally occurring
amino acids?
83. A typical digestive protease (enzyme that breaks down proteins) is
synthesized as a zymogen, i.e. a larger precursor protein that is
inactive until a chemical step occurs that shortens the protein somewhat
and thereby turns on its activity. Why is this useful to an organism?
84. The enzymes with which a sperm digests a hole in the jelly coat of
an egg are species specific. Explain how this helps to maintain species
differences once they are established.
Answer three of these five for two points each. Please number your answers so they're easier to grade.
85. When the urinary bladder becomes full, a limited amount of urine can be stored in the kidneys themselves. Most people urinate as soon as they get up in the morning. Why is it often necessary to urinate again about fifteen minutes later?
86. Describe at least four deleterious health effects of smoking.
87. Distinguish between slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers. Include in your answer (a) to what function each is best-suited; (b) what color each is, and why; and (c) which is better-supplied with mitochondria.
88. Draw a diagram to explain how insulin and glucagon maintain the blood glucose level. Use your diagram to explain the major symptoms of type I diabetes mellitus.
89. Some genetic disorders are more prevalent in people of a particular ethnic group. Present a possible explanation for this.