Energy associated with protonmotive force:
ΔG = ΔGchem +
ΔGelec =
-2.303nRT(pHin - pHout) +
zFΔψ
Protonmotive force: Δp = ΔG/(nF) = Δψ - 2.303RTΔpH / F
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, and Citric Acid Cycle:
| Reactants | Products | Enzyme |
| Glucose,ATP | G-6-P, ADP, H+ | hexokinase |
| G-6-P | F-6-P | Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase |
| F-6-P,ATP | F-1,6-diP,ADP,H+ | phosphofructokinase-1 |
| F-1,6-bisP | DHAP, Glycald-3-P | aldolase |
| DHAP | Glycald-3-P | Triosephosphate Isomerase |
| Glycald-3-P, NAD+,Pi | 1,3-bis-P-glycerate,NADH,H+ | Glycald-3P dehydrogenase |
| 1,3-bis-P-glycerate,ADP | 3-P-glycerate,ATP | phosphoglycerate kinase |
| 3-P-glycerate | 2-P-glycerate | phosphoglycerate mutase |
| 2-P-glycerate | PEP + H2O | enolase |
| PEP,ADP,H+ | pyruvate, ATP | pyruvate kinase |
| Pyruvate, HS-CoA, NAD+ | CO2,NADH,H+,Acetyl CoA | pyruvate dehydrogenase |
| acetyl CoA,oxalacetate,H2O | citrate | citrate synthase |
| citrate | isocitrate | aconitase |
| isocitrate,NAD+ | α-k-glutarate,NADH,CO2 | isoictrate dehydrogenase |
| α-k-glutarate, HS-CoA,NAD+ | succinyl CoA,NADH,CO2 | α-k-glutarate dehydrogenase |
| succinyl CoA,GDP,Pi | succinate,GTP,HS-CoA | succinyl CoA synthase |
| Succinate,Q | fumarate,QH2 | succinate dehydrogenase |
| fumarate,H2O | L-malate | fumarate hydratase |
| L-malate,NAD+ | oxaloacetate,NADH,H+ | malate dehydrogenase |
Reactions unique to gluconeogenesis:
| Reactants | Products | Enzyme |
| Pyruvate, HCO3-,ATP | oxaloacetate+ADP+Pi | pyruvate carboxylase |
| oxaloacetate,GTP | PEP+GDP+CO2 | PEP carboxykinase |
| F-1,6-P | F-6-P+Pi | F-1,6-bisphosphatase |
| G-6-P | glucose + Pi | glucose 6-phosphatase |
Redox Complexes in the Electron Transport Chain:
| Complex | ΔEo', V | ΔGo', kJ/mol | Complex | ΔEo', V | ΔGo', kJ/mol |
| I (NADH/Q) | +0.36 | -70 | II (Succinate/Q) | +0.01 | -2 |
| III (QH2/cyto C) | +0.19 | -37 | IV (Cyto C/O2 | +0.59 | -110 |
Lipoproteins:
| Property | Chylomicrons | VLDLs | IDLs | LDLs | HDLs |
| MW*10-6 | >400 | 10-80 | 5-10 | 2.3 | 0.18-0.36 |
| Density, g cm-3 | <0.95 | 0.95-1.006 | 1.006-1.019 | 1.019-1.063 | 1.063-1.210 |
| % Protein | 2 | 10 | 18 | 25 | 33 |
| % Triacylglycerol | 85 | 50 | 31 | 10 | 8 |
| % Cholesterol | 4 | 22 | 29 | 45 | 30 |
| % Phospholipid | 9 | 18 | 22 | 20 | 29 |
Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids:
| Reactants | Products | Enzyme |
| Fatty acyl CoA, FAD | trans-Δ2-Enoyl CoA, FADH2 | Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
| FADH2,Fe-S3+ | FAD,Fe-S2+ | Electron-transferring flavoprotein |
| Fe-S2+,Q | Fe-S3+, QH2 | ETF:ubiquinone reductase |
| trans-Δ2-Enoyl CoA,H2O | L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA | Enoyl-CoA hydratase |
| L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA, NAD+ | 3-ketoacyl CoA,NADH,H+ | L-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
| 3-ketoacyl CoA,HS-CoA | acetyl CoA, shortened fatty acyl CoA |
thiolase |
Comparison of fatty acid oxidation and synthesis in mammals:
| Property | oxidation | synthesis |
| localization | mitochondria, peroxisomes | cytosol |
| acyl carrier | CoA | acyl carrier protein |
| carbon units | C2 | C2 |
| acceptor / donor | CoA (C2) | malonyl CoA (evolves CO2) |
| mobile redox cofactors | NAD+, ETF, Q | NADPH |
| enzyme organization | separate enzymes | multifunctional enzyme |